Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject History Europe - Germany - National Socialism, World War II, grade: A (1,0), The New School (Historical Studies), course: Modern Dictatorship and Political Religion, language: English, abstract: [.]

Since its founding in 1876, the Bayreuth Festival had been a locus of representation for

politically prominent figures; among the guests of the first Festival were the German Emperor

Wilhelm I and the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II2. In the years to come, Bayreuth would

keep its meaning as a political symbol 3.

From 1933 on, the Wagnerian Hitler used the Festival for both the representation of his

person and his regime. The Foundations for this appropriation were both ideological and

personal:



Firstly, after Richard Wagners death, his Bayreuth disciples 4, grouped in the Bayreuth

Circle 5 especially Hans von Wolzogen and Houston Stewart Chamberlain6, created the Bayreuth idea 7; in this process of formulating their German Wagnerism as a völkisch

ideology, they focused more on Wagners prose writings8, than on his music, and especially

emphasized Wagners anti-Semitism9.

2 Eger, Manfred: Die Bayreuther Festspiele, in: Müller, Ulrich/Wapnewski, Peter (eds.): Richard-Wagner-

Handbuch, Stuttgart 1986, p. 589-624, here: p. 596.

3 Schmidt, Michael: Bayreuth als politisches Symbol. 125 Jahre Richard-Wagner-Festspiele, in: Neue

Gesellschaft. Frankfurter Hefte 48 (2001), p. 470-474.

4 Large, David Clay: Wagners Bayreuth Disciples, in: Large, David C. & Weber, William (eds.): Wagnerism in

European Culture and Politics, Ithaka and London 1984, p. 72-133.

5 Schüler, Winfried: Der Bayreuther Kreis von seiner Entstehung bis zum Ausgang der Wilhelminischen Ära,

Münster 1971.

6 The English-born racial theoretician Chamberlain had from 1888 on contact with Wagners widow Cosima; in

1908, he married Eva Wagner, the daughter of Richard and Cosima and moved to Bayreuth; see Large, David Clay: Ein Spiegelbild des Meisters? Die Rassenlehre von Houston Stewart Chamberlain, in: Borchmeyer,

Dieter/Maayani, Ami/Vill (eds.), Susanne: Richard Wagner und die Juden, Stuttgart &Weimar 2000., p. 140-

159.

7 Large, Disciples, op.cit., p.133.

8 Large, Disciples, op.cit., p. 133.

9 For a differentiated and instructive analysis of Wagners anti-Semitism see Katz, Jacob: The Darker Side og

Genius. Richard Wagners Anti-Semitism. Hanover & London, 1986.