Inhaltsangabe1 General Considerations: Embryology.- 1.1 Normal Development.- 1.2 Congenital Abnormalities.- 1.2.1 Aplasia, Hypoplasia, and Dysplasia.- 1.2.1.1 Definition.- 1.2.1.2 Clinical Presentation.- 1.2.1.3 Diagnosis.- 1.2.1.4 Treatment.- 1.2.2 Pancreas Divisum.- 1.2.2.1 Definition.- 1.2.2.2 Pathogenetic Implications.- 1.2.2.3 Clinical Presentation.- 1.2.2.4 Diagnosis.- 1.2.2.5 Treatment.- 1.2.3 Heterotopic Pancreas.- 1.2.3.1 Definition.- 1.2.3.2 Clinical Presentation.- 1.2.3.3 Diagnosis.- 1.2.3.4 Treatment.- 1.2.4 Annular Pancreas.- 1.2.4.1 Definition.- 1.2.4.2 Clinical Presentation.- 1.2.4.3 Diagnosis.- 1.2.4.4 Treatment.- 1.2.5 Congenital Cyst(s).- 1.2.5.1 Definition.- 1.2.5.2 Clinical Presentation.- 1.2.5.3 Diagnosis.- 1.2.5.4 Treatment.- References.- 2 General Considerations: Anatomy.- References.- 3 General Considerations: Physiology.- 3.1 Function of the Exocrine Pancreas.- 3.2 Pancreatic Enzymes.- 3.3 Enzyme Synthesis.- 3.4 Protective Mechanisms to Prevent Autodigestion.- 3.5 Pancreatic Secretagogues.- 3.5.1 Secretin.- 3.5.2 Cholecystokinin.- 3.5.3 Cholinergic Influence.- 3.6 Phases of Pancreatic Secretion.- 3.7 Ductular Secretion.- 3.8 Acinar Secretion.- 3.9 Action of Pancreatic Lipase.- 3.10 What Turns the Pancreas Off?.- References.- 4 General Considerations: Classification.- 4.1 Marseille Classification of 1963.- 4.2 Cambridge Classification of 1983.- 4.3 Revised Pancreatitis Classification of Marseille 1984.- 4.4 Pancreatitis Classification of Marseille-Rome 1988.- 4.5 Pancreatitis Classification - Cambridge vs. Marseille: Features in Common and Differences.- 4.6 Classification System for Acute Pancreatitis of Atlanta 1992.- 4.7 Comment.- References.- 5 Acute Pancreatitis: Etiology.- 5.1 Biliary Tract Disease.- 5.2 Alcoholism.- 5.3 Obstruction of Pancreatic Ducts.- 5.3.1 Tumors.- 5.3.2 Duodenal Disorders.- 5.3.3 Pancreas Divisum.- 5.3.4 Helminthic Obstruction.- 5.3.5 Foreign Body Obstruction.- 5.4 Infections.- 5.5 Drugs.- 5.6 Toxins.- 5.7 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.- 5.7.1 Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypercalcemia.- 5.7.2 Pregnancy.- 5.7.3 Hyperlipemia.- 5.7.4 Uremia.- 5.7.5 Acute Intermittent Porphyria.- 5.7.6 Hypothermia.- 5.8 Vascular Disease.- 5.9 Trauma.- 5.10 Medical Procedures.- 5.10.1 Pancreatic Biopsy.- 5.10.2 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Endoscopic Sphincterotomy.- 5.10.3 Sphincter of Oddi Manometry.- 5.11 Surgical Procedures.- 5.12 Cystic Fibrosis.- 5.13 Inborn Errors of Metabolism.- 5.14 Reye's Syndrome.- 5.15 Kawasaki Disease.- 5.16 Hereditary Acute Pancreatitis.- 5.17 Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis.- References.- 6 Acute Pancreatitis: Pathophysiology.- 6.1 Mechanisms of Pancreatic Injury.- 6.2 Gallstone-induced Acute Pancreatitis.- 6.3 Alcohol-induced Acute Pancreatitis.- 6.4 Concept of Oxidative Stress.- 6.5 Theories Explaining the Pathogenetic Mechanism of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis.- 6.6 The Pros and Cons of the Theories.- References.- 7 Acute Pancreatitis: Pathology.- 7.1 Gross Pathology.- 7.2 Histopathology.- 7.3 Sequential Changes and Outcome.- References.- 8 Acute Pancreatitis: Epidemiology.- References.- 9 Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis.- 9.1 Clinical Manifestation.- 9.1.1 Signs and Symptoms.- 9.1.2 Physical Examination.- 9.2 Laboratory Investigations.- 9.2.1 Enzymes.- 9.2.1.1 Serum Amylase.- 9.2.1.2 Macroamylasemia.- 9.2.1.3 Pancreatic Isoamylase.- 9.2.1.4 Urinary Amylase.- 9.2.1.5 Amylase-Creatinine Clearance Ratio.- 9.2.1.6 Serum Lipase.- 9.2.1.7 Macrolipasemia.- 9.2.1.8 Other Enzymes: Trypsin, Elastase-1, Phospholipase A.- 9.2.2 Other Laboratory Investigations.- 9.3 Imaging Procedures.- 9.3.1 Survey Film of the Abdomen.- 9.3.2 Chest Radiography.- 9.3.3 Barium Studies.- 9.3.4 Abdominal Ultrasound.- 9.3.5 Endoscopic Ultrasound.- 9.3.6 Computed Tomography.- 9.3.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 9.3.8 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.- 9.4 Synopsis of Diagnostic Procedures and Grading of Severity.- 9.4.1 Introduction.- 9.4.2 Early Prognostic Signs.- 9.4.2.1 R