This volume focusses on spiritualism in early modernity, the term meaning the assumption of the >spiritual< presence of God. This form of spiritualism can be expressed in theology as an invocation of divine inspiration, in medicine, alchemy and natural philosophy as divinely endowed nature, and in literature as spiritual, uplifting poetry. Spiritual tendencies play a major role not only in early modern magic, Kabbalah and Hermeticism, Paracelsism and Rosicrucianism, but also in their opposition to the emerging 'natural sciences' with their mechanistic understanding of nature and their rationalism. Towards the end of the 17th century, rationalism becomes the real adversary of spiritualism. While spiritualism was now primarily articulated through piety, rationalism became a constitutive element of the Enlightenment that now began to take shape.