A detailed account of chromosome cytology of eighteen taxa of the Indian non-biting midges collected from different parts of South India comprised the material of research in respect of mitotic, meiotic and polytene chromosome organization. As a morphological entity the structural organization of the larval labial teeth arrangement (i.e., mentum) was taken into consideration to differentiate individual species and as such actual photograph along with outline- Indian ink drawing of the same was appended in each case.In the light of encountering of variable basic chromosome numbers (i.e., n=3-7), either centric fusion or fission could have led in the pathway of progression during the course of karyotype differentiation in chironomids was surmised.